PLACES, BASES & BATTLEFIELDS

Two days later, early June turned into one of the most famous dates in world history. On June 6th, 1944, Allied forces stormed the beaches of Normandy in northern France in the opening phase of Operation Overlord. United States troops landed primarily at Utah and Omaha Beaches, facing a mix of flooded terrain, beach obstacles, and entrenched German defenders.

The ridge ahead looked less like a battlefield and more like a shattered hillside of rock, clay, and smoke. It was early May 1945 on Okinawa, and the Marines of Company E had stalled below Hill 60. Japanese machine guns chattered from hidden bunkers. Mortar rounds crashed into the slope, showering the men with dirt and splinters of coral. Every attempt to move up the ridge drew a fresh burst of fire that pinned them flat.

A story of a desperate hilltop stand, a fixed bayonet charge, and how it helped turn a Civil War invasion back.

The jungle pressed in on both sides of the Ormoc Road, a narrow ribbon of mud and broken pavement cutting through the hills near Limon on the island of Leyte. December rain had turned the ditches into brown pools. American infantrymen crouched behind a hasty roadblock of felled trees, sandbags, and wrecked vehicles, listening to the grinding approach of steel.

A story of a long-shot bombing raid, a borrowed carrier deck, and how one gamble shifted the course of a global war.

Barely four months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States planned a strike to carry the war to the Japanese home islands. On April 18th, 1942, sixteen B-25 medium bombers led by Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle took off from the carrier USS Hornet in the Pacific, a feat never attempted before with aircraft of that size. Spotted early by enemy patrol vessels, the task force launched the bombers farther from Japan than planned, forcing the crews to stretch their fuel to the limit.

By the early 1970s, United States leaders were pursuing “Vietnamization,” reducing American ground forces while training and equipping South Vietnamese units to carry more of the fighting. North Vietnamese commanders sought to test this strategy and change the balance on the ground, planning a large, conventional offensive using tanks, artillery, and massed infantry.

As the Second World War in Europe approached its end, converging Allied armies squeezed the shrinking territory of Nazi Germany from east and west. On April 25th, 1945, elements of the United States 69th Infantry Division, advancing eastward, encountered units of the Soviet 58th Guards Rifle Division near the town of Torgau on the Elbe River. Soldiers from both sides crossed the ruined landscape to shake hands on a destroyed bridge and along the riverbanks.

While armies crossed rivers in Europe, Marines in the Pacific were still locked in some of the war’s most brutal island battles. United States forces had landed on Iwo Jima in February 1945, attacking a volcanic fortress where Japanese defenders used tunnels, caves, and concrete bunkers to make every yard of ground costly. The famous flag raising on Mount Suribachi took place early in the campaign, but heavy fighting continued across the northern part of the island for weeks.

The winter sky over the Anzio beachhead was a low, gray lid, pressing the sound of guns back down onto the men below. Along a shallow drainage ditch called the Fossa Femminamorta, muddy water slid past tufts of grass and shattered reeds. Somewhere ahead, beyond the next bend, German machine guns covered the open fields that stretched away from the ditch, anchoring a strongpoint that threatened the entire attack.

On February 19th, 1942, a little more than two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. The order authorized military commanders to establish exclusion zones and remove people from them, a power soon applied mainly along the West Coast. In practice, this meant that more than one hundred thousand people of Japanese ancestry, the majority of them American citizens, were forced from their homes and sent to inland camps under guard.

On the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines, exhausted American and Filipino troops laid down their arms after months of siege, disease, and dwindling supplies. Cut off from reinforcement and resupply, the defenders had fought a stubborn delaying action, buying time for the wider Pacific war effort even as their own situation deteriorated. When surrender became unavoidable, many soldiers were already weakened by malnutrition, malaria, and dysentery.

In the early weeks of the Korean War, United States forces rushed to slow a North Korean advance that threatened to overrun the entire peninsula. Around the city of Taejon, elements of the 24th Infantry Division fought a desperate delaying action, outnumbered and facing tanks and artillery in unfamiliar terrain. Over several days of close combat and street fighting, American troops inflicted significant losses but gradually found themselves cut off and forced to withdraw.

In the American Civil War, control of the Mississippi River and its great port cities was central to Union strategy. On the night of April 24th, 1862, Flag Officer David Glasgow Farragut led a Union fleet past the Confederate strongholds of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, which guarded the river approach to New Orleans. Under heavy fire, Union ships dodged chains, obstructions, and burning rafts while trading blows with Confederate gunboats.

Barely seven weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the first major contingent of American ground troops landed in Northern Ireland. Soldiers from the 34th Infantry Division disembarked in cold, damp weather to the sound of bands and the sight of cheering crowds who knew the war in Europe had entered a new phase. Until then, the British had fought on in the west with limited direct American military presence.

Farther west, control of the Mississippi River became a central Union objective. After a bold overland campaign that saw victories at Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, and the Big Black River, General Ulysses S. Grant brought his army up to the defenses of Vicksburg, Mississippi. On May 19th, 1863, he ordered an immediate assault, hoping to capitalize on Confederate disarray and seize the fortress city by storm.

The same date that Marines were struggling ashore on Saipan also saw the debut of a new weapon in the air war over Asia. On June 15th, 1944, Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers of the United States Army Air Forces flew from forward bases in China to strike industrial targets in Japan in the first mission of its kind.

In early August 1950, the Korean War had entered a precarious phase as North Korean forces pushed United Nations troops back toward the southeastern tip of the peninsula. On August 7th, the First Provisional Marine Brigade, formed from elements of the First Marine Division, arrived at the port of Pusan to reinforce the hard-pressed defenders.

On January 27th, 1943, Eighth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress crews climbed into icy English skies and headed for the German port of Wilhelmshaven. The mission marked the first all-American heavy bomber raid deep into Germany, part of a growing campaign to hit U-boat bases, shipyards, and industrial centers. The crews flew in daylight formations, relying on tight discipline and concentrated defensive fire to survive fighter attacks.

On February 23rd, 1945, a patrol from the 28th Marine Regiment climbed Mount Suribachi, the volcanic peak dominating the southern end of Iwo Jima, and raised an American flag. A larger flag soon replaced the first, and an Associated Press photographer captured the moment that would become one of the most reproduced images in military history.

The ramps drop into waist-deep surf and chaos. It is the morning of October 20, 1944, on a stretch of shoreline the maps call Red Beach. Ahead lies a narrow band of sand, beyond it a low palm grove and flooded rice paddies. Somewhere in that green fringe, Japanese guns have the approaches bracketed. As the first waves of soldiers tried to cross, the beach turned into a killing ground.

High over Europe on Christmas Eve 1944, the sky is crowded with contrails. Hundreds upon hundreds of heavy bombers push east toward German airfields, the engines’ steady thunder mixing with clipped radio calls. At their head is a single Flying Fortress, the air commander’s ship, where Brigadier General Frederick Walker Castle studies the instruments and the grey cloud deck below.

The rain-soaked hills of Leyte were already torn open by days of fighting when Company A of the 306th Infantry pushed forward against a Japanese strongpoint that refused to break. Machine guns were dug into the slopes, firing down narrow approaches that funneled every American movement into sheets of bullets. A light tank inched ahead, meant to crack the defenses, but the infantry platoon walking behind it stalled under the storm of fire.

The fields near Anzio were bare and unforgiving—flat, freshly plowed earth broken only by shallow furrows and a few low dikes. On a May morning in 1944, Staff Sergeant George John Hall lay pressed into that thin cover with the rest of his company, the dirt shaking under the hammering of German machine guns. Every time a man tried to crawl forward, grazing fire stitched the ground in front of him. Sniper rounds cracked overhead.