PEOPLE & COMMANDERS

A Medal of Honor story of relentless courage under fire in the Pacific War of World War II.

The black volcanic sand of Iwo Jima offered no cover, only shallow shell holes and the hulks of stalled tanks. Late on February 23, 1945, Marines of the 21st Regiment lay pinned down, staring across a short stretch of open ground that felt a mile wide. Ahead of them, a maze of reinforced concrete pillboxes spat machine-gun fire in crossing patterns, every burst chewing fresh craters into the sand.

As war raged across Europe and Asia, the United States still officially stood neutral in January 1941, but the lines were beginning to blur. On January 10th, 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt’s administration saw the Lend-Lease bill introduced in Congress, proposing that the United States could lend or lease war material to nations whose defense was deemed vital to American security.

In the wake of the September 11th attacks and years of tense inspections and sanctions, the United States and a coalition of partners confronted Iraq over weapons of mass destruction and compliance with international demands. After issuing a final ultimatum to Saddam Hussein’s regime, American forces launched the opening strikes of what would become known as the Iraq War on March 19th, 2003.

A Jewish paratrooper from Berlin who met the Battle of the Bulge head-on to save his men

On February 19th, 1945, the beaches of Iwo Jima filled with landing craft as Marines of the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions came ashore under fire. The island was small but strategically important, lying between the Marianas and the Japanese home islands and hosting airfields that could threaten American bombers.

A Medal of Honor story of relentless courage under fire in the Italian campaign of World War II.

The draw is narrow and steep, its sides scoured by months of shellfire and rain. At the bottom, the earth is churned to powder. Above it, hidden in the scrub and broken stone near Cisterna di Littoria, German machine guns wait for anything that moves. Private James Henry Mills can hear them before he sees them—the clatter of automatic fire, the sharper crack of rifles, the dull thump of grenades exploding somewhere ahead.

A Medal of Honor story of stubborn courage and small-unit leadership in the Pacific war’s last great battle.

The ground in front of Sugar Loaf Hill is already chewed into mud and craters when Corporal James Lewis Day crawls forward to look for cover. It is May 1945 on Okinawa, and the Marines trying to cross this open killing ground are being shredded by Japanese mortar and artillery fire. The air is thick with pulverized coral dust. Fragments of shattered ammunition boxes and discarded packs lie where men dropped them running for their lives.

The ridge near San Jose Hacienda rose steep and stubborn out of the jungle, a wall of earth and rock that dominated the valley floor. Somewhere up there, hidden in spider holes—small, camouflaged fighting pits—and pillboxes, Japanese soldiers waited behind interlocking bands of machine-gun fire. To reach the crest, Company I of the 160th Infantry Regiment had only one narrow approach, a trail that funneled men into a killing zone. Staff Sergeant John C.

John D.

A Medal of Honor story of courage under fire in the Normandy campaign.

On February 20th, 1962, Marine Corps officer John Glenn rode the spacecraft Friendship 7 into orbit atop an Atlas rocket, becoming the first American to orbit the Earth. The mission lasted only a few hours and three circuits of the planet, but it carried enormous importance in the Cold War competition for space. Glenn’s background as a fighter and test pilot linked early spaceflight directly to the skills and cultures of military aviation.

A Medal of Honor story of sacrifice and moral courage in the Pacific war.

A Medal of Honor story of relentless leadership and courage under fire in World War II.

A Medal of Honor story of one-man courage under fire in the Philippines campaign of World War II.

The B-24 shook as it skimmed over the Romanian countryside, treetops flashing beneath the wings and church steeples knifing up toward the formation. Ahead, the sky over Ploesti was already boiling with black bursts of antiaircraft fire and thick columns of oily smoke. Colonel John Riley Kane, commanding the third element of heavy bombers in a massive low-level strike, peered through the haze and realized something was wrong. The main force that should have been ahead of him was gone.

A Medal of Honor story of courage under fire and quiet sacrifice in the Pacific campaign of World War II.

In a televised address during the Vietnam War, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced a partial halt to the bombing of North Vietnam and, in a stunning closing, declared that he would not seek nor accept his party’s nomination for another term. The speech came in the wake of the Tet Offensive, a widespread enemy campaign that had shaken public confidence despite heavy Communist losses.

A Medal of Honor story of courage under fire in the Philippines campaign of World War II.

After the disastrous Union defeat at Fredericksburg and the swampy failure of the so-called “Mud March,” President Abraham Lincoln decided he could no longer keep Ambrose Burnside in charge of the Army of the Potomac. Orders issued in late January placed Major General Joseph Hooker, a combative and outspoken corps commander, in charge of the Union’s main eastern field army.

The black volcanic sand of Iwo Jima offered no cover, only shallow shell holes and jagged rock. On the morning of March 9, 1945, Platoon Sergeant Joseph R. Julian lay there with the rest of his company, pressed into the ash while enemy fire tore long furrows across the slope. Ahead of them, a line of Japanese trenches and pillboxes guarded a critical rise. Machine guns hammered from narrow firing slits.

Standing before a large crowd in West Berlin on June 26th, 1963, President John F. Kennedy used a few carefully chosen phrases to encapsulate American support for a divided city. The Berlin Wall, erected nearly two years earlier, loomed as a concrete symbol of Cold War confrontation, and residents of the Western sectors lived each day with the knowledge that Soviet and East German forces stood just across the barrier.